Construction of landslide warning by combining rainfall threshold and landslide susceptibility in the gully region of the Loess Plateau: A case of Lanzhou City, China

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  • Regional forecasting of the landslide rainfall threshold is complex, and the empirical prediction of the rainfall threshold relies on historical statistical data. To obtain the intensity (I) duration (D) rainfall threshold, Lanzhou City was selected as the research object, and a field investigation, 3S technology, mathematical statistics and a Python language environment were employed to develop a set of automatic rainfall threshold calculation programs. Factor elimination, the information value method, weight of evidence, the frequency ratio, the density method and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were applied to obtain landslide susceptibility, and the I D rainfall threshold (temporal probability) and landslide susceptibility (spatial probability) were combined to construct regional landslide rainfall threshold warning levels (red, orange, yellow and blue). The results showed the rainfall duration of historical landslides ranged from 0.99 to 216 h, thereinto, it was accounted for 92.78 % with that of between 6 and 96 h, and the rainfall intensity was between 0.11 and 23.6 mm/h, and the alpha and beta of rainfall threshold curve was gradually increased with an increase in the rainfall threshold probability. Additionally, when the rainfall condition probability was the same, landslides occurrence was more frequent in Chenguan District, where there are large areas of bare land, and slope and annual rainfall are less than 10 degrees and 300 mm, respectively. Fifteen, nine, and six factors were used to obtain landslide susceptibility, and the accuracy of the ROC ranged from 0.78 to 0.80 under different methods and different factor combinations. The spatial distribution of landslide susceptibility was very similar. There were 35, 12, 25 and 108 landslides associated with red, orange, yellow and blue levels, respectively, under the spatial-temporal probability, but 30, 26, 54 and 70, respectively, under temporal probability. Under the different conditions, there were 89, 69 and 22 landslide points with unchanged, increased and decreased warning levels, respectively. The ability and accuracy of rainfall threshold warning and prediction were effectively improved by integrating the temporal and spatial probabilities of the rainfall threshold.