Extreme precipitation events (EPEs) have an important impact on the hydrological cycle and are the main factors that cause causing flood disasters. Based on the CN05.1 dataset and large-scale circulation factors, six EPE indices are selected to detect changes in extreme precipitation in the arid Northwest China (ANC) region from 1961 to 2022. The correlation between 13 climate factors and EPEs is investigated using the geographic detector model (GDM). The results indicate the following: (1) During the study period, the number of consecutive days without precipitation (CDD) in the extreme precipitation index decreased by 0.65 days per year, and the number of heavy precipitation days increased by 0.0099 days per year. Further, the proportion of annual heavy precipitation days, the mount of annual total precipitation, and the amount of annual maximum single-day precipitation increased by 0.067 %/a, 0.49 mm/a and 0.42 mm/a, respectively. The spatio-temporal intensity, duration and frequency of EPEs also showed an upward trend. (2) EPEs increased significantly in different sub-regions, rising the fastest in northern Xinjiang, followed by the Hexi Corridor, southern Xinjiang, and eastern Xinjiang. (3) Sea-surface temperature anomalies are the main factor leading to the increases in EPEs in ANC. Temperature anomalies in the Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Pacific Oceans caused a series of circulation anomalies, increasing water vapor transport to and through China's Northwest. This study contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of EPE changes in regional water resources and also provides a reference for regional water resources management and disaster prevention.