Iran has experienced rapid urbanization in recent decades. Extensive changes in land cover and use, disruption of natural ecosystems, and uncontrolled encroachment on groundwater resources are some of the consequences of rapid urbanization in Iran. Accordingly, the present study seeks to investigate the effects of urbanization on groundwater resources in Yazd province in the central region of Iran. The study examines the changes in population, groundwater resources, vegetation and land surface temperature in the last 2 decades in an integrated model using the MUA (Modifiable Unite Area) method by creating fishnets and spatial sampling. The results show that despite the population increase in Yazd province, the population is moving towards concentration in urban and suburban areas. Spatio-temporal changes in the piezometric surface of groundwater also show that the level of groundwater has decreased significantly. Moreover, the results of applying the OLS (Ordinary Least Square) regression model show that the three variables of demographic changes, vegetation, and land surface temperature have been able to explain a significant part of the dependent variable (changes in groundwater level). The increase in population in certain geographical areas such as Yazd-Ardakan plain, the area under cultivation of agricultural products to meet the nutritional needs of dense urban population, land temperature due to macro-climatic changes, and concentration of industrial activities in urban and suburban areas lead to the demand for water resources and uncontrolled encroachment on groundwater resources in Yazd province. This can make a significant part of Yazd province uninhabitable in the coming years.