In Southern Tunisia, as in the major part of agro-based countries under arid and semi-arid climate, the growing water dependent-economies, the increasing scarcity of freshwater resources amplified by the frequent dry climatic episodes and the continuous aquifer decompression define huge chal-lenges for sustainable agricultural development. Multiple environmental issues have been observed related principally to natural resources degradation. Besides to the ecological value, the decreas-ing of agro-systems production has crucial social, economic and health repercussions. Thus, the present study aims the assessment of the sustainability of different natural resources in the oasis lands, the principal agro-system in southwestern Tunisia. The collected data from field investiga-tions and farming surveys have been completed by analytical laboratory work and literature review. The obtained results indicate that groundwater resources are highly mineralized with doubtful to locally unsuitable quality to be used in irrigation according to the different calculated ionic indi-ces (EC > 3,000 mu s/cm; SAR from 6.7 to 9.5; TH between 48 and 69; PI from 46% to 58%) suggest-ing severe recommendations to be used especially for long term irrigation. The physico-chemical analyses of the soil samples highlight, furthermore, the progressive degradation of these agricul-tural lands characterized by high EC values above 3.6 and 5.8 mS/cm threatening the safe produc-tion of many crop yields. In addition to the difficult natural conditions, farming practices are the most influential factors governing the distribution of water quality related issues and soil hydro-dynamic and physico-chemical proprieties. A comprehensive flexible adaptation management measures are required in the study area as the degradation issues have reached tolerance limits of different ecological systems and many irreversible alteration have been observed. These strategies should be evaluated as a shared task between the different parts relative to water consumption and agro-based activities