Water quality is an increasing concern in the dry regions of the world as it affects and reduces the quantity of available water. Our objective was to investigate the sources, drivers, spatiotemporal patterns of nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) transport in the streamwater and groundwater in a dry and a wet season in seven large rivers located in the Loess Plateau of China (640,000 km(2), 100 million population), which is a region with marked influence of human activities on streamflow and groundwater. We collected 510 streamwater and groundwater samples and found that NO3-N was significantly lower in the dry season (< 5.0 mg L-1) than the wet season (> 5.0 mg L-1). In the wet season, NO3-N was lower in the streamwater than groundwater; however, the spatial variation in the NO3-N was greater in streamwater, with higher concentrations in two rivers (Wei and Fen). The source characterization using stable isotopes of NO3 from the Wei River showed that chemical N fertilizers and soil organic N contributed similar to 75% of NO3 to streamwater and that soil organic N was the greatest contributor of NO3 to groundwater (similar to 60%) than streamwater (< 40%). The spatial pattern of NO3-N was dominated by fertilizer application and varied seasonally with rainfall-runoff and streamflow-groundwater connectivity. Our results showed the complicated patterns and sources of NO3 pollution in streamwater and groundwater and highlight that more emphasis should be placed to prevent and restore the degraded water quality in the dry regions. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.