Floods have become increasingly important in fluvial export of water, sediment and carbon (C). Using high-frequency sampling, the export of water, sediment and C was examined in the Wuding River catchment on the Chinese Loess Plateau. With groundwater as an important contributor to runoff all year round, floods were relatively less important in the export of water. However, large floods were disproportionately important in exporting sediment and inorganic C (DIC) and organic C (DOC and POC). The three largest floods in each year transported 53.6-97.3 and 41.4-77% of the annual sediment and C fluxes, respectively. An extreme flood in 2017 alone contributed 94.6 and 73.1% of the annual sediment and C fluxes, respectively, in just 7 days, which included 20.3, 92.1 and 35.7% of the annual DOC, POC and DIC fluxes, respectively. A stable carbon isotope (delta C-13) analysis of POC indicated that modern soils and C3 plants were its primary source. Furthermore, floods greatly accelerated CO(2)degassing due to elevated gas transfer velocity, although stream water CO(2)partial pressure (pCO(2)) exhibited a decreasing trend with flow discharge. Although these results illustrated that increasing runoff dilutedpCO(2), the timing and magnitude of floods were found to be critical in determining the response ofpCO(2)to flow dynamics. Low-magnitude floods in the early wet season increasedpCO(2)because of enhanced organic matter input, while subsequent large floods caused a lowerpCO(2)due to greatly reduced organic matter supply. Finally, continuous monitoring of a complete flood event showed that the CO(2)efflux during the flood (2348 +/- 664 mg C m(-2) day(-1)) was three times that under low-flow conditions (808 +/- 98 mg C m(-2) day(-1)). Our study suggests that infrequent, heavy storm events, which are predicted to increase under climate change, will greatly alter the transport regimes of sediment and C. (c) 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.