Mammal species are important populations of the semi-arid region of Northeast Brazil. However, these species may be over-exploited, meaning that ethno zoological studies are vital to ensure that the appropriate conservation strategies are applied. This research aimed to collect and analyze data relating to the local knowledge and use of these mammals obtained through semi-structured questionnaires. The study was carried out in the municipality of Lagoa, Paraiba State, Northeast Brazil. Data were analyzed by calculating the general, potential, and current use values. The medium use values of the species were also calculated, as well as the fidelity level of the information and the rank-order priority. Twenty-three animals were recorded, of which twenty were identified at the species level. From interviews with local people, Dasypus novemcinctus was the most cited species. However, Mazama gouazoubira was the most important in terms of current use. The uses of animals fell into four categories: food, captive breeding, zooterapic, and artisanal. Food was the most cited category, including 19 species, 16 of which at the 100% fidelity level. More in-depth studies are needed to obtain further data on the uses of species in order to develop strategies to mitigate possible local extinction and inform sustainable plans for the use of fauna resources in the region.