Channelization significantly affects soil erosion in river floodplains. The object of this study was to use Cs-137 as a tracer to determine the Cs-137 inventory and derived soil erosion rates under various land use types in a catchment on channelized river floodplain in the lower reaches of Yangtze River, China. Sampling was carried out to establish a Cs-137 reference inventory in a 70-year old paddy field located on the shoulder-slope of a local hill. The mean reference inventory of Cs-137 was 1275 Bq m(-2), whereas the Cs-137 inventory within the catchment ranged from 284 to 1150 Bqm(-2) and the soil erosion rates from -33.3 to - 2.4 t ha(-1) yr(-1), respectively. The dominated land use of paddy in cultivated soils contributed relative low soil erosion. Bamboo and castanea mollissitna were preferential for local land uses in uncultivated soils in comparison with woodland and Pinnus massoniana. The rates of soil erosion rates in old tea garden were higher than that in new tea garden. Overall, severe soil erosion and no deposition in the entire catchment occurred in the entire catchment due to the human-induced channelization in the 1970s. Our results suggest that restricting farmland being returned to tea plantations, thereby maintaining the current land use types would reduce soil erosion in river floodplain in the future.