2026-08-01 SOLAR ENERGY 2026 314(卷), null(期), (null页)
The deployment of photovoltaic (PV) technology is rapidly expanding in arid and semi-arid regions, where soiling represents a major source of performance loss. This paper investigates the physical and chemical properties of dust accumulated on PV modules at three representative Moroccan sites with arid, semi-arid, and coastal climates, and interprets their implications for PV soiling losses under real outdoor conditions. Dust samples were characterized using particle size distribution analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), including separation into raw, soluble, and insoluble fractions. Quartz was identified as the dominant mineral phase at all sites, while coastal dust exhibited higher carbonate and halite contents and elevated concentrations of hygroscopic elements. The electrical impact of soiling was evaluated through synchronized field measurements using a soiling ratio derived from the maximum operating current of clean and soiled PV strings. Results indicate more persistent soiling losses under coastal conditions, consistent with enhanced hygroscopicity and particle adhesion.