Studies of modern pollen processes in arid regions, particularly pollen-climate relationships, provide an essential basis for accurately interpreting fossil pollen records in these environments. However, such studies remain limited. In this study, we conducted five years (2019-2024) of airborne pollen monitoring in the Qaidam Basin and collected 47 samples to analyze temporal variations in pollen composition and concentration and their relationships with climate. The results showed that (1) the pollen assemblages were dominated by non-arboreal (shrub and herb) pollen, including Artemisia (54.5%), Chenopodioideae (20.1%), and Poaceae (6.1%), reflecting typical desert vegetation in arid environments; (2) Pollen concentrations displayed pronounced seasonality that closely corresponded to plant phenology, with two annual peaks: one in spring, associated with peak arboreal pollen concentrations, and the other from summer to early autumn, associated with peak non-arboreal pollen concentrations; and (3) The pollen concentrations were primarily influenced by temperature and wind speed. Arboreal pollen concentrations were positively correlated with wind speed, whereas non-arboreal pollen concentrations were positively correlated with temperature. The five consecutive years of monitoring data improve understanding of pollen-climate relationships in arid regions and provide a robust foundation for accurately interpreting fossil pollen records from these areas.