The beta-diversity, as the variation in community composition across habitats, is crucial for understanding regional community assembly and biodiversity conservation. While biogeographic patterns of both macro- and microorganisms have been well-documented, little is known about studies that simultaneously examine these patterns and their driving mechanisms across continuous spatial scales in both above- and belowground communities. Here, we conducted a field survey along a 1700-kilometer transect across diverse landscapes, including meadow steppe, typical steppe, desert steppe and inland dunes in the semi-arid region (aridity ranging from 0.66 to 0.83) of northern China to investigate patterns and drivers of beta-diversity in plant, bacterial and fungal communities at continuous spatial scales. We found that organisms with various dispersal traits exhibited significantly different distance-decay relationships, with plants showing the steepest slope (-0.190), followed by fungi (-0.095) and bacteria (-0.061). Species turnover was the primary component of beta-diversity across plant, bacterial and fungal communities at various spatial scales. Furthermore, beta-diversity, its turnover components, and beta-deviation of plant, bacterial and fungal communities all showed significant and positive relationships with spatial scale. Moreover, environmental distance had a greater impact on beta-diversity patterns than geographic distance. Among environmental factors, aridity emerged as the dominant driver significantly influencing the beta-diversity of plant and microbial communities, with the strongest effect on the bacterial community. These findings provide essential insights into the mechanisms influencing beta-diversity in both plant and soil microbial communities, highlighting the importance of spatial scale and environmental filtering in community assembly. This study investigated the beta-diversity patterns and drivers of plant, bacterial, and fungal communities across continuous spatial scales in semi-arid regions of northern China, revealing that environmental factors, particularly aridity, played a crucial role in shaping community beta-diversity, with spatial scale and environmental filtering being key drivers of community assembly. (sic)(sic): beta(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)beta(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)((sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)0.66-0.83)(sic)(sic)1700 km(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)beta(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic):1)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)-(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic);(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(-0.190),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(-0.095)(sic)(sic)(sic)(-0.061).2)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)beta(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)beta(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)beta(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).3)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)beta(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)beta(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)beta(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).