In arid and semi-arid regions, soil moisture is a key factor limiting vegetation growth. Micro-topography significantly influences habitat heterogeneity by regulating water and heat redistribution. However, the mechanisms by which different vegetation restoration patterns (tree plantations, shrublands, and grasslands) adapt to this process via differentiated ecohydrological pathways remain unclear. This study conducted community surveys and soil moisture measurements (0-100 cm) on tree plantations, shrublands, and grasslands across different micro-topographies (slope aspect and position) on the Loess Plateau. The Difference Ratio of Soil Moisture (DRSM) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) were employed to quantify ecohydrological interactions. Results indicated that: (1) Slope aspect dominated soil moisture distribution (beta > 0.85), forming "water resource patches" on shady slopes and lower slope positions; (2) Grassland diversity was positively driven by soil moisture (beta = 1.22), whereas coverage was insensitive. Shrub canopy expansion showed high dependence on moisture (beta = 1.88) but was subject to direct topographic inhibition. Tree growth exhibited a significant negative correlation with soil moisture (beta = -0.38), with analysis revealing significant moisture depletion in the 60-100 cm soil layer; (3) Overgrowth of woody plants exerted a significant inhibitory effect on understory herbaceous diversity through resource competition (beta = -0.50). This study reveals distinct adaptation mechanisms: grassland direct dependence, shrub trade-off adaptation, and tree competitive consumption. Future ecological restoration practices should shift from single coverage indicators to refined configuration strategies based on "micro-topography-water carrying capacity" to maintain the long-term stability of regional ecosystems.