Given the increasing aridity and dust storm frequency in arid and semi-arid regions, this study investigated the effects of combined drought and dust stress, and the mitigating role of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB; Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and B. halotolerans), on the yield and seed fatty acid profile of camelina (Camelina sativa L.). A field experiment employed a factorial design with two irrigation regimes (4-day and 8-day intervals), dust application (0 vs. 1.0 g m(-)& sup2; day(-)& sup1;), and three PGPB treatments (non-inoculated control and inoculation with either strain). The results demonstrated a synergistic negative effect of drought and dust. Combined stress significantly reduced seed weight per plant, shoot dry weight, and altered fatty acid composition, most notably depleting alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3) by 21% and eicosatrienoic acid by 24%. Inoculation with PGPB effectively counteracted these stresses. Both bacterial strains increased shoot dry weight by approximately 50% under drought and enhanced key fatty acids; for instance, they increased oleic acid (C18:1) by similar to 44% and stearic acid (C18:0) by similar to 85% under favorable (well-watered, dust-free) conditions. Crucially, under the stressful conditions where it was most depleted, bacterial inoculation mitigated the severe loss of alpha-linolenic acid. The bacterial modulation of the fatty acid profile was condition-dependent, increasing nutritionally important fatty acids like linoleic acid (C18:2) while reducing others such as myristoleic acid. Overall, PGPB inoculation enhanced root and shoot growth, preserved oil content, and improved the ratios of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) under stress. This study provides the first evidence that PGPB can mitigate the drought-dust synergy, protecting both yield and oil quality. The use of these bacteria is recommended as a sustainable strategy to enhance crop resilience and productivity in dust-prone arid and semi-arid agriculture.