Extensive straw harvesting operations in cold and arid regions can substantially disturb surface soils and increase susceptibility to wind erosion; however, the underlying mechanisms and causal pathways remain insufficiently understood. To address this issue, this study proposes an integrated analytical framework that combines discrete element method simulations with field-based wind erosion monitoring to elucidate how machinery operational and agronomic parameters regulate disturbance characteristics and wind erosion sensitivity of the stubble-soil complex. The results indicate that header ground clearance is the dominant factor controlling disturbance intensity and soil structural damage, exhibiting significant negative correlations with disturbed area, exposure depth, and bond fracture ratio. Plant spacing significantly affects the overlap of disturbance zones, and it is recommended to ensure that half of the crop planting interval is not smaller than the disturbance radius in order to prevent aggregate breakage and surface loosening caused by overlapping disturbance domains. The sensitivity ranking of machinery and agronomic parameters to wind erosion is: ground clearance > plant spacing > hammer claw roller speed. From an operational perspective, increasing header ground clearance to above 0.08 m, constraining the upper limit of hammer claw roller speed, and maintaining plant spacing of no less than 0.275 m can effectively reduce wind erosion sensitivity induced by mechanical disturbance. This study elucidates the crossscale coupling mechanism linking energy input, soil disturbance, and wind erosion response, providing a theoretical basis for the coordinated optimization of agricultural machinery, agronomic practices, and environmental management in cold and arid regions.