Rapid urbanization significantly intensifies land surface temperature (LST), with profound implications for local climate, infrastructure sustainability, and environmental quality. The Local Climate Zones (LCZs) classification provides a standardized framework for examining urban thermal dynamics and supporting strategies to mitigate heat stress, particularly in hyper-arid regions. This study investigates the relationship between LCZ and LST in Doha, Qatar, using high-resolution LiDAR data and remote sensing observations (2020-2024) within an advanced Geographic Information Systems deep learning framework. The spatial distribution of LCZ types shows that 60% of the study area consists of built-up classes (LCZ1-6), while 40% consists of land cover types (LCZA-F). High and mid-rise buildings account for 27.3% of the urban fabric, concentrated primarily in central Doha, whereas open mid-rise development (LCZ5), covering 18.2% of the area, dominates the northern and southern districts. Seasonal LST analysis indicates temperatures ranging from 26 degrees C in winter to 48 degrees C in summer, with humid summer periods averaging 44 degrees C. Over the last 5 years, compact high-rise (LCZ1) and compact mid-rise (LCZ2) consistently recorded the highest LST values, while vegetated and natural classes (LCZA-C) demonstrated substantial cooling effects. The observed thermal contrasts among LCZ classes highlight the spatial manifestation of the urban heat island (UHI) effect across Doha's rapidly urbanizing landscape. This research provides a high-resolution urban heat hotspot basemap that supports targeted UHI mitigation, climate adaptation, and climate-resilient infrastructure planning in hyper-arid urban areas, aligning with Qatar Vision 2030. In light of our findings, we discuss the need for climate-resilient infrastructure to address rising temperatures in cities on the eastern Arabian Peninsula, which were previously largely unconstrained.