Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), a drought-tolerant oilseed, faces yield constraints under water scarcity in arid regions. Phosphorus (P) fertilizers, though beneficial, pose environmental and availability challenges, necessitating sustainable alternatives. A 2-year field experiment in southern Iran used a split-plot design to evaluate integrated P management under three irrigation regimes: normal (I1, 40% soil moisture depletion), moderate drought (I2, 60% depletion), and severe drought (I3, 80% depletion) as main plots, with seven fertilizer treatments (no fertilizer [F1], 100% P [F2], arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Funneliformis mosseae [F3], humic acid [F4], 50% P + AMF [F5], 50% P + humic acid [F6], and 50% P + AMF + humic acid [F7]) as subplots. Drought reduced seed yield, oil yield, and physiological traits, but combined treatments (F5, F6, F7) enhanced these compared to individual applications and control. Notably, F5 increased seed yield by 62% and oil yield by 85.5% versus F1, with no differences among F5, F6, F7. These treatments mitigated drought by improving photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant activity, and osmolyte levels. No irrigation-fertilizer interactions were observed, indicating consistent benefits. Integrating 50% P with AMF and/or humic acid enhances sesame yield and drought resilience, reducing reliance on nonrenewable P for sustainable arid-region agriculture.