This study evaluates the concentrations of selected toxic elements (Cu, Pb, Cd, and As) in agricultural soils from the Al-Uyaynah area, central Saudi Arabia, to assess ecological and health risks and identify potential sources. Thirty soil samples were collected from date palm, vegetable, and fruit farms and analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Ecological risk was evaluated using the toxic risk index (TRI), pollution load index (PLI), Nemerow integrated geo-accumulation index (NIGI), and normalized comprehensive risk index (NCRI), while health risks for adults and children were assessed through chronic daily intake (CDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), health risk index (HRI), cancer risk (CR), and lifetime cancer risk (LCR). Element concentrations were below regional and international guideline limits, and environmental indices indicated very low contamination and negligible ecological risk. Health risk assessment showed no significant non-carcinogenic or carcinogenic risks. Soil ingestion was identified as the primary exposure pathway, with children exhibiting greater susceptibility. As and Cu contributed most to the overall risk but remained within acceptable limits. Source apportionment suggests that Pb and Cd are mainly anthropogenic, whereas Cu and As derive from mixed natural and agricultural sources. Overall, the soil is considered suitable for agricultural use due to the absence of significant ecological and health risks. This study provides baseline data for soil quality monitoring, supports informed environmental management, and contributes to policies promoting the sustainable use of land.