Urban ecosystems are increasingly exposed to overlapping hydrothermal stresses under global climate change, especially when water deficits and extreme heat coincide to form compound drought and heat events (CDHEs). However, the capacity of urban vegetation to withstand and recover from CDHE disturbances remains insufficiently understood. By developing an assessment framework for urban vegetation resilience, this study systematically quantified the resilience responses of vegetation in 232 Chinese cities to CDHEs, including resistance and recovery, comprehensively evaluated the spatial heterogeneity of vegetation resilience across seasons, and further elucidated the driving mechanisms. The results showed that urban vegetation faces the highest compound drought-heat risk in summer, with nearly all cities exhibiting negative resistance, whereas approximately 75% of cities showed negative resistance in autumn; moreover, in both summer and autumn, nearly half of the cities failed to achieve effective post-event recovery. Across climate zones, urban vegetation resistance and recovery were generally stronger in arid regions but relatively weaker in temperate cities. Over time, urban vegetation resistance showed a slight decline, whereas recovery exhibited no significant change. Driver analysis indicated that CDHE duration primarily governs vegetation resistance, whereas precipitation primarily governs vegetation recovery, with CDHE severity acting as a secondary driver for both. Compared with increasing severity, prolonged event duration exerted a stronger weakening effect on urban vegetation resilience. These findings highlight the need to strengthen the monitoring and early warning of extreme events under increasingly severe future climate extremes and to implement targeted human management interventions based on seasonal windows and regional climatic backgrounds to enhance the climate resilience of urban ecosystems.