Greenhouses are essential for enhancing crop yields and enabling year-round production, but their high energy intensity and climate-sensitive demand challenge sustainability. To address the lack of climate-stratified evidence, we conduct a systematic review of climate-adaptive energy approaches for greenhouse systems structured by the K & ouml;ppen climate classification (KCC). We searched the Web of Science (2019-2024) using Topic "greenhouse", limiting to articles and refining by the "Citation Topic Micro: Greenhouse" filter; 276 records were identified and 268 articles were retained after title and abstract screening. The evidence is organized into four domains: (1) microclimate modeling and decision-support tools, (2) passive design and device-assisted enhancements, (3) active operational optimization, and (4) renewable energy integration. Results reveal climate-specific patterns: cold and arid regions most consistently benefit from insulation, thermal screens, phase-change storage, and solar-thermal-assisted heating; temperate and tropical climates increasingly adopt advanced control, including model predictive control and data-driven/learning-based controllers, to coordinate multi-variable microclimate-energy trade-offs. Renewable integration is expanding across zones, yet harmonized techno-economic and life-cycle assessments remain limited. This KCC-based synthesis supports region-specific design and operation decisions and highlights priorities for future research and deployment.