Boom-bust dynamics (pulses of productivity followed by extended periods of low productivity) characterise many dryland, arid environments. These dynamics drive diverse ecological functions, with populations and communities of biota responding strongly to temporal changes in productivity. These changes have flow-on effects to dietary structuring for consumers, including top predators. Here, we aimed to assess the influence of rainfall-triggered productivity changes on the diets of raptors using data from long-term monitoring of a diverse (19-species) raptor community in a central Australian desert subject to extreme boom-bust conditions. We showed that boom-bust dynamics influence dietary structure of the raptor community and that dietary responses are mediated by species-specific prey preferences and movement ecology. Mean raptor dietary niche breadth increased in bust (0.012 +/- 0.0007 [SE]) compared to boom (0.009 +/- 0.0006) periods (model beta = 0.350) whilst overlap between raptor diets increased in boom versus bust periods. Small mammals, mostly irruptive rodents, and birds featured more in the diets of raptors during boom periods whereas reptiles were prominent during busts. Sedentary, resident, raptors had more varied but consistent diets between boom and bust periods in comparison to locally nomadic and nomadic species. Our results provide the first elucidation of dietary structure and its interaction with boom-bust dynamics in a highly diverse assemblage of desert raptors. Except for dietary specialists, we propose that predators generally focus on preferred prey when productivity peaks but expand their diets to include alternative prey when conditions are unfavourable. Dietary switching may aid the persistence of such raptor species as boom-bust systems destabilise due to climate change, whereas dietary specialists, especially if sedentary, are likely to be at risk if preferred prey taxa decline for long periods under future climates.