As the most representative key geomorphological and sedimentary unit in mountain-plain transition zones, alluvial fans serve only as geological carriers recording tectonic movements and climate changes but also as crucial arenas for human civilization evolution. Endowed with substantial habitability potential and favorable conditions for preserving cultural relics, they have become core targets for investigating agricultural origins, civilization progression, and deep-time human-environment interactions. Based on China's unique natural pattern of "arid western regions and monsoonal eastern regions", this study takes debris-flow dominated alluvial fans in arid regions (e.g., margins of the Tarim Basin) and fluvial-dominated alluvial fans in humid regions (e.g., alluvial fans at the eastern foot of the Taihang Mountains in North China, the Yellow River Giant Alluvial Fan) as research objects since the Last Deglaciation. By integrating multidisciplinary evidence from geology, paleoclimatology, archaeology, and geomorphology, a systematic comparative analysis of human-environment relationships was conducted, leading to establishment of a differentiated "tectonics-climate-geomorphology-hydrology-environment-culture" coupled response framework. This provides a novel Chinese paradigm for deep-time human-environment research. In arid western regions, the macro-distribution pattern of alluvial fans is shaped by tectonic activities and westerly belt influences: continuous compressive uplift of the Kunlun Mountains (southern margin) and Tianshan Mountains (northern margin) in western Tarim Basin, resulting in a gradual eastward decrease in elevation of the mountains fringing the basin, accompanied reduced glacial reserves and drainage basin areas. This forms debris-flow-dominated alluvial fans with a "larger in the west, smaller in the east" spatial pattern, corresponding to the formation of oasis kingdoms whose scales diminish eastward. Characterized by coarse sediments and steep slopes, western alluvial fans rely heavily on alpine catchment runoff and glacial meltwater for water resources. Ancient humans adapted to the hydrological processes of alluvial fans through water conservancy projects such as karez, weir diversion, and canal irrigation. The mid-fan, fan edge, and front transition zones emerged as preferred settlements for ancient humans due to the synergistic advantages of "topography, soil, and water resources", further developing cultural adaptation model of "technology-driven modification-oasis support" and constructing a dynamic response chain "mountains-climate-runoff-alluvial fans-oases-culture". In humid eastern regions, influenced by the East Asian Monsoon, the tectonic pattern of "mountain uplift and basin subsidence" provides the foundation for the formation of fluvial-dominated alluvial fans. The uplift of the Taihang and Taiyi Mountains, coupled with subsidence of the North China Basin, facilitates sediment accumulation by perennial rivers, forming alluvial fans with fine sediments and gentle slopes. The "unconformity zone" of the Last Deglaciation geomorphological period in eastern alluvial fans is confirmed as a composite product of erosion during the B & oslash;lling-Aller & oslash;d (BA) warm period (14.6-12.9 ka BP), aggradation or sedimentary interruption during the Younger Dryas (YD) cold period (12.9-11.7 ka BP), and re-erosion accumulation in the early Holocene, precisely corresponding to the cultural transition layer of the Paleolithic-Neolithic transition. On eastern fluvial-dominated alluvial fans, humans settled in preferred habitats including mid-fan and fan edge sheetflow deposition areas, channel slope equilibrium point, floodplain terraces, sedimentary rhythmic layers, and abandoned ancient river channel highlands (Gudui mounds). Mature soil conditions supported the origin of dryland agriculture dominated by foxtail millet and broomcorn millet, while river channel migration promoted regional cultural exchange, forming an adaptive paradigm "deep-seated tectonics-footwall alluvial fans-climate regulation-sedimentary pattern transformation-settlement selection-cultural succession". This study establishes a coupled framework for alluvial fan development and human adaptation in eastern and western China. The research findings provide scientific guidance for archaeological exploration and cultural heritage protection, and offer a new perspective for understanding the resilience evolution of human societies amid environmental changes. Currently, the research still faces bottlenecks such as insufficient interdisciplinary quantitative correlations. Future work will focus on high-resolution dating and the construction of quantitative coupling models to seek breakthroughs.