Against the backdrop of global climate change, maintaining grassland ecological stability is critical value for supporting the sustainable development of grasslands. However, our understanding of the impacts of short-term grazing exclusion on grassland ecological stability remains limited. This study conducted short-term grazing exclusion experiments across nine plots on the Inner Mongolia grasslands, collecting soil and vegetation samples at the conclusion of both grazing and grazing exclusion periods while concurrently conducting vegetation surveys. By integrating field measurements with Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) data from both grazing (2011-2015) and grazing closure periods (2016-2019), we examined the effects of short-term grazing exclusion on grassland ecological stability. Findings revealed that short-term grazing prohibition significantly enhanced vegetation growth and soil nutrient accumulation: aboveground vegetation biomass increased by 1.9-3.8 times, while soil nitrogen content rose by 2.9-3.5 times. The short-term grazing exclusion strengthened the positive correlation between plant diversity, root nutrient accumulation, and ecosystem stability. The drivers of ecosystem stability shifted with the removal of grazing disturbance: during grazing periods, climate was the dominant factor, with root nutrients playing a secondary role. Following grazing exclusion, climate's influence diminished while the positive effects of biomass and plant diversity expanded, though root nutrients remained crucial. Within the context of Inner Mongolia grasslands' grazing regime, favorable climate serves as the primary engine of ecosystem stability, with root nutrients constituting the most critical threshold. Grazing exclusion altered the previously climate-dominated framework of ecosystem stability.