The Turpan region of Xinjiang, a key section of the ancient Western Han Silk Road, served as an important hub for cultural exchange between the East and West. Stable isotope analysis of 31 human skeletal remains from the Shengjindian cemetery (2200-2050 cal BP) was conducted to reconstruct dietary patterns and subsistence strategies during the Western Han period, as well as to examine the interactions between Eastern and Western populations in terms of lifestyle, diet, and culture. The results indicate that the Shengjindian inhabitants consumed a mixed diet of C3 crops (primarily wheat) and C4 crops (mainly foxtail millet and broomcorn millet), supplemented with substantial animal protein, primarily from sheep. No significant dietary variation was observed across burial practices, sexes, or age groups. Compared with isotopic data from populations of different periods within the Turpan Basin, the inhabitants of the Shengjindian Cemetery appear to have developed a subsistence economy adapted to oasis environments, characterized by the integration of systematic agriculture and stable pastoralism. This agro-pastoral model reflects an efficient exploitation of arid-zone resources and provides empirical evidence for understanding the capacity of oasis communities along the Silk Road during the Western Han period to sustain agricultural production and provisioning.