This study comprehensively analyzed the compounded effects of climatic factors and non-climatic factors on vegetation dynamics in the northern Shaanxi Loess Plateau region in China. The objective was to provide robust scientific insights and a solid theoretical framework to support the long-term stability and sustainable development of the local ecosystem. The temperature vegetation dryness index was used to improve the water stress factor of the CASA model, so as to estimate the NPP of vegetation on the Loess Plateau of northern Shaanxi from 2000 to 2020. The temporal and spatial change characteristics of vegetation NPP and its relationship with climatic factors were analyzed using the coefficient of variation, the Mann-Kendall test of significance, and second-order partial correlation analysis. The partial derivative residual trend method was used to isolate the specific impacts of climatic factors and non-climatic factors on vegetation NPP. The results indicate the following: (1) The vegetation NPP shows a notable upward trend, with an annual growth rate of 9.4195 gC & centerdot;m-2 & centerdot;a-1 and a long-term average of 269.71 gC & centerdot;m-2, with the spatial distribution showing markedly high south, low north, and latitudinal zonation characteristics. (2) Vegetation NPP exhibits positive correlations with temperature, precipitation, and solar radiation. Among these factors, precipitation shows the strongest correlation with variations in vegetation NPP. (3) Non-climatic factors are the main factor affecting vegetation NPP across most parts of the study area, which is greater than the effect of selected climatic factors, and human activities may be the key component within non-climatic factors.