Highlights What are the main findings? InSAR-integrated FLAC3D modeling captures the spatiotemporal evolution of mining-induced surface deformation on the Loess Plateau. Mining-induced stress redistribution is quantitatively linked to surface deformation and landslide distribution. What are the implications of the main findings? InSAR-integrated numerical modeling connects surface deformation observations with subsurface structure failure mechanisms. Landslide density is strongly correlated with surface deformation, clustering near mined-out areas.Highlights What are the main findings? InSAR-integrated FLAC3D modeling captures the spatiotemporal evolution of mining-induced surface deformation on the Loess Plateau. Mining-induced stress redistribution is quantitatively linked to surface deformation and landslide distribution. What are the implications of the main findings? InSAR-integrated numerical modeling connects surface deformation observations with subsurface structure failure mechanisms. Landslide density is strongly correlated with surface deformation, clustering near mined-out areas.Abstract Underground coal mining can induce substantial surface deformation and trigger associated geological hazards. However, the quantitative links between mining-induced deformation, stress redistribution, and the spatial pattern of landslide occurrence remain insufficiently understood, particularly in loess-covered mining regions. Taking the Hecaogou Coal Mine in the Zichang mining area of the Loess Plateau, China, as an example, this study uses a coupled framework that integrates multi-temporal Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) observations with three-dimensional FLAC3D numerical simulation. We found that surface deformation is primarily concentrated above and adjacent to the mined-out zones, with maximum cumulative deformation of -169.3 mm during March 2017 and December 2023. The stepwise excavation simulations reveal that vertical displacement and vertical compressive stress in the overlying strata increase continuously as mining advances, thereby promoting tensile-shear failure and surface subsidence, with the subsidence magnitude quantitatively increasing from 3.7 mm at 200 m depth to 162 mm at 1000 m depth. A strong agreement between InSAR-derived deformation and simulated deformation fields is demonstrated, confirming the reliability of the modeled deformation process. We also found that the landslide density exhibits a strong spatial correlation with surface deformation, with high-density zones clustering near the mined-out areas. These findings enhance our understanding of how underground coal mining reshapes surface stability and influences the spatial pattern of landslide occurrences in coal mining regions.