Great flood events, as extreme hydrological events of global significance, are closely linked to global climate warming and will have profound impacts. This study focuses on the July 2023 flood in the Juma River Basin (North China Plain), analyzing deposit from 21 sites of upstream-to-downstream floodplain for grain size, pollen, magnetic susceptibility between flood flow and recession deposit to characterize modern flood deposit and provide a reference for identifying paleoflood events. Studies show that: (1) The thickness of flood deposit decreases from upstream to downstream, exhibiting a binary structure comprising fine-grained sediments in recession deposit and coarser-grained sediments in flow deposit. (2) Arboreal pollen from the Taihang Mountains exceeding 30% or Selaginella sinensis surpassing 15% can be used as indicators of flood occurrence, which is higher than that of airborne and riverborne transport. Magnetic susceptibility of the Juma River can reflect changes in hydrodynamics. (3) The characteristics of flood deposit in the Juma River identified by pollen, grain size and other proxies are more applicable to rivers with small catchments than large basins. Our research provides a theoretical foundation for identifying regional paleofloods, studying the occurrence patterns of great floods, and reconstructing flood discharge during the flood flow stage and flood recession stage.