Context: Micronutrients are critical regulators for wheat productivity, yet, the effects of micronutrient fertilization on yield and its key component traits remain poorly understood especially under frequent drought conditions. Moreover, whether long-term micronutrient accumulation poses a latent threat to wheat production remains largely unexplored. Prolonged micronutrient fertilization may also increase their concentrations in wheat grain, thereby influencing dietary intake and potential human health risks. Methods: This study implemented a 38-year field experiment with five fertilization regimes to evaluate the sustained effects of long-term boron (B), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu) application on wheat yield and its resilience to drought conditions. Results: Long-term application of B, Zn, and Mn resulted in modest increases in wheat production, ranging from 2.7% to 3.6% relative to the micronutrient-free control (CK), whereas Cu fertilization showed the most pronounced effect, boosting grain yield by 4.3%. The main driving fore of the enhanced wheat yield resilience to drought stress by Copper fertilization was attributed to the elevated spike formation and greater grain number per spike. Notably, despite substantial accumulation of total and available Zn and Cu in the soil, no evidence of yield decline or toxicity symptoms was observed. Conclusion: Long-term Cu fertilization enhanced wheat yield and drought resilience, while soil Cu accumulation remains within safe limits, indicating its potential as a viable strategy for sustainable agriculture. In dryland regions with a high risk of drought, it is recommended to apply Cu fertilizer (15 kg ha-1) annually in addition to conventional fertilization to achieve a balance between yield enhancement and long-term environmental safety.