Desertification is a major global environmental challenge, driven by both human activities and climate variability, leading to the suppression of natural vegetation through agricultural and livestock expansion. This study aimed to (1) characterize desertification nuclei in Brazil using ecological indicators, (2) assess land use impacts, and (3) explore relationships with social and agrometeorological factors. Landsat imagery (1991, 2000, 2010, 2022) and TerraClimate data were examined alongside population and HDI statistics for six nuclei: Cabrobo, Gilbues, Inhamuns, Irau & ccedil;uba, Jaguaribe, and Serido. Results indicate that desertification advances even during rainiest years influenced by La Nina, and is intensified by droughts linked to El Nino. Exposed soils and pastures were consistently the most degraded land-use classes, particularly in Ceara, while agriculture and Caatinga areas were most affected in Cabrobo and Serido. Gilbues and Serido emerged as the most critical nuclei, with expansion driven by unsustainable agricultural frontiers and population pressure. Overall, findings highlight the urgent need for continuous monitoring and improved spectral indicators to better capture desertification dynamics and support mitigation strategies in Brazil's semiarid region.