Tajpur Basin Gondwana Sandstone (TBGS) was studied through Petrographic thin section, X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) to retrieve insight about the major trace elemental concentration and mineralogical assemblages, respectively. The quartz-rich sandstone was found to be enriched in SiO2 (Avg. 71.95 wt%), Al2O3 (Avg. 11.78 wt%), Fe2O3 (Avg. 8.29 wt%) and K2O (4.19 wt%) and depleted in response to other major elements. Among the trace elements Zr, Th, Cr, and Ti is relatively enriched in the samples. Among the trace elements Zr, Th, Cr, and Ti is relatively enriched in the samples. Almost every major and trace element possesses a negative correlation with SiO2. The total REE contents range from 66.90 to 241.94 mg/kg, whereas the light REEs dominate the samples. Geochemical indices and discrimination diagrams were applied to infer the weathering, provenance, tectonic settings, climatic conditions and depositional environment of the TBGS. The moderate intensity of weathering can be inferred from the average Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) value of 69.36. Furthermore, the discriminant function (F1-F2) diagram suggests felsic to intermediate provenance, whereas the bivariate plots of trace elements designate the provenance as felsic rock with minor input from recycled source. Tectonically, the samples were found to be derived from passive margin setting. The petrographic, major and trace element data, C-value (0.18-0.74), designate TBGS to be weathered and deposited in semi-humid to semi-arid climatic conditions. The depositional environment of the TBGS is indicative to the freshwater according to the proportional variability of Fe2O3 and MgO. Alongside, the sediments seemed to have been deposited in oxidizing environment, supported by V/Cr vs U/Th plot. The basin is marked to be formed due to the complex interaction of isostasy and tectonic stress, and episodic rifting, whereas the cyclic sedimentation events might have controls on sediment variability and accumulation pattern. Correlation with geophysical and geochronological data could have validated the present interpretation. This work represents a first step toward building a more holistic picture of the Gondwana basins of Bangladesh.