This study employed a sedimentological investigation and remote sensing techniques to reconstruct the geological progression of the Egyptian Nile in the west and southwest of Sohag City. A viable methodology for mapping the area was developed using "Landsat-Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) and Operational Land Imager (OLI) images. Three processing techniques were applied, including principal component analysis (PCA), minimal noise fraction (MNF), and decoration stretch (DS) followed by a supervised classification, to map the area. The Katkut and Abu Retag formations were delineated and extracted from the adjacent units. A comprehensive field investigation was conducted to understand the lithological facies of these deposits, verify the remote sensing results, and construct a depositional model. The results revealed a diverse range of continental sediments and variations in depositional environments. These sediments represent two phases of Nile development, from the late Oligocene to the middle to late Miocene era. Our findings emphasized the significant role of paleoclimate, local and regional tectonics, and paleogeomorphology on the geological history of the study area. Climate indicators demonstrated a recurring pattern of climatic transformation, transitioning from humid and semiarid regions to dry conditions. The evolution of the region was significantly shaped by the Nubian Swell, the development of NW-trending grabens, and the hanging walls that linked fault segments, governing the Pre-Eonile and Eonile systems. Three distinct phases were identified in the history of provenance: sediment rich chert carbonates, quartz-rich deposits, and mixtures of detritus containing carbonates, quartz, and pieces of basement rock. These stages indicate shifts in the source location owing to the shifting tectonic activity. This research provides valuable insights and contributions into the Nile's evolution, the Nile's geological history, potential resource exploration, and offers a foundation for future research in the area.