Dryland landscapes are highly sensitive to climatic variability and anthropogenic disturbance, yet sedimentary records capable of resolving their responses during the late Holocene-Anthropocene transition remain scarce. Here, we investigate nebkha deposits from the Mu Us dune field, north-central China, as novel archives of environmental and landscape change over the past similar to 120 years. A robust chronological framework for two nebkha profiles was established by integrating radionuclide dating (Cs-137 and Pu239+240), luminescence constraints, and Bayesian age-depth modelling. Multi-proxy analyses of grain size, magnetic susceptibility, and geochemical tracers were conducted to evaluate climatic and anthropogenic influences, supported by climate simulations and independent proxy reconstructions. The results reveal pronounced decadal-scale variability, with coarser sediments during 1900-1910, 1930-1940, and 1970-2000 CE, and finer sediments around similar to 1920, similar to 1950, and after similar to 2000 CE. Heavy metals and magnetic susceptibility peak around similar to 1950 CE, whereas black carbon is elevated around similar to 1920 CE. Beyond this variability, the nebkha records suggest a shift in the relative importance of climatic and anthropogenic influences around the 1970s. Before this transition, human disturbance, including land-use change and warfare-related impacts, appears to have exerted a stronger influence on surface stability and aeolian dynamics. After the 1970s, reduced direct human disturbance may have allowed climatic signals to be more clearly expressed in the nebkha records, as reflected by sediment fining associated with declining near-surface wind speeds after similar to 2000 CE. These findings indicate that nebkha sediments integrate climatic and anthropogenic signals and provide valuable decadal-scale archives of landscape evolution in dryland regions.