Biological attributes play a role in promoting the biological and structural functionality of the soil, varying with land use and seasonality and being essential for sustainable soil management under family farming, especially in semi-arid areas. This study aimed to evaluate the composition of the edaphic fauna, microbial biomass carbon, glomalin production, and their inter-relationships with physical, structural, and chemical attributes in different land uses in the semi-arid region of Brazil using multivariate statistics to differentiate between environments. Sampling (0-20-cm depth) during dry/rainy seasons assessed granulometry, aggregation, phosphorus, organic carbon, microbial biomass, glomalin, and macroarthropod diversity. Multivariate analysis revealed four key factors: F1 (ecological indices and Hymenoptera/Diptera/Orthoptera diversity), F2 (silt, aggregation, carbon/phosphorus/glomalin), F3 (textural components), and F4 (potassium). Principal components distinguished cultivated areas (banana/papaya/Barbados cherry) through microbial biomass, organic carbon, phosphorus, aggregation, and Coleoptera/Diptera abundance. Native vegetation showed resilience with glomalin, Orthoptera, and Araneae dominance, while fallow/pasture exhibited biological/structural constraints (high clay, sodium, compaction). Rainy seasons enhanced macroarthropod diversity, particularly in native and fruit-cultivated areas. Surface residue retention and organic fertilization positively influenced carbon dynamics, phosphorus availability, and soil structure. Conservation practices promoted glomalin production and predator arthropod populations (Mantodea, Scutigeromorpha), indicating ecosystem resilience. These findings demonstrate that sustainable land management in semi-arid regions requires maintaining organic inputs and moisture to enhance biological activity and soil functionality, with native vegetation serving as a biodiversity reservoir. The study provides a framework for evaluating soil health in water-limited agroecosystems.