2025-05-28 MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENT 2025 11(卷), 4(期), (null页)
Stratiform clouds, which form under stable atmospheric conditions, play a crucial role in negative cloud radiative forcing. Utilizing a combination of ground-based observations, satellite data, and reanalysis datasets, the study investigates the formation of stratiform clouds over Udaipur (24.58 degrees N, 73.71 degrees E, 598 m a.m.s.l) compared to Ahmedabad (23.02 degrees N, 72.57 degrees E, 56 m a.m.s.l) in the semi-arid region of Western India during the post-monsoon period. Ground-based Lidar observations indicated consistent cloud occurrences between 2 and 4 km over Udaipur during post-monsoon. Conversely, cloud occurrence over Ahmedabad is found to be lower despite the city having higher levels of columnar water vapor during this period. During the post-monsoon period of 2022-2023, the total cloud occurrence between 2 and 4 km altitude over Udaipur (similar to 4.24%) was approximately double that observed over Ahmedabad (similar to 2.02%). This disparity is linked to higher relative humidity near the 750 hPa level over Udaipur, sustained by surface moisture lifted to the 2-4 km range. Vertical moisture transport is facilitated by persistent low-level convergence at similar to 950 hPa and upper-level divergence at similar to 750 hPa, creating favorable conditions for vertical air motion and mid-level cloud formation. This study explores the influence of surface water bodies, orography, and local meteorological conditions on cloud dynamics in semi-arid urban areas. The insights from this study into cloud formation and atmospheric dynamics over the semi-arid Western-Indian region can contribute to improving regional weather forecasting.