Prabakaran, C. ， Kalaiavani, R. ， Sabapathy, M. ， Rajesh, M. ， Prabu, P. C.
2026 APPLIED ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2026 24(卷), 2(期), (2115-2142页)
Soil salinity is a major global problem. Poor irrigation, improper land use, and excessive fertilizer use are the main causes. Salt accumulation stunts plant growth, disrupts plant functions, and threatens global food security. High levels of sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) disrupt plant cells. These ions interfere with important processes like seed germination and photosynthesis. In severe cases, salinity can damage plant tissues and cause plant death. Plants adapt to salinity by balancing ions, removing salts, and producing protective compounds. Scientists use genomics to study salt-tolerant genes. They use proteomics to analyze proteins involved in salt tolerance. This review explores plants' response to salinity stress, highlighting salt-tolerant genes. It also summarizes recent research. Understanding salt tolerance can help develop stronger crops. These crops can improve farming in saline, arid, and semi-arid regions.