Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of water-nitrogen coupling effects on soil-plant-microbe systems in arid regions is crucial for sustainable agricultural development. This study systematically investigated the interactive effects of field capacity (75% vs. 45%) and nitrogen application rates (100 vs. 300 kg ha-1) combined with different enhanced-efficiency nitrogen fertilizers (EENFs) on rhizosphere soil fertility and microbial community structure of Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) seedlings through a two-year pot experiment. Two-year-old jujube seedlings were employed with five treatments: NS (urea), NM (urease inhibitor), XH (nitrification inhibitor), W (microbial fertilizer), and CK (control), to analyze soil physicochemical properties and microbial community responses. Soil available N accumulated under high-N/adequate moisture but declined under drought. NM curbed NH3 volatilization by 32.38-43.22%, while XH increased NH4+-N by 35.76%. Drought raised microbial alpha-diversity (bacteria + 33.88-37.5%, fungi + 43.62-68.75%). NM demonstrated optimal performance in ammonia volatilization (32.38-43.22% reduction), while XH showed notable efficacy in ammonium-N regulation (35.76% enhancement). Microbial alpha-diversity exhibited enhanced responses under drought stress, with bacterial and fungal community improvements reaching 33.88-37.5% and 43.62-68.75%. Redundancy analysis showed environmental factors explained more community variance under water stress (bacteria: 79.19 -> 88.76%; fungi: 64.64 -> 92.52%). These findings provide theoretical support for jujube cultivation in arid zones, demonstrate the potential of targeted EENFs, and offer new insights for precision water-fertilizer and microbial management.