Crop yields in Pakistan are significantly lower than their potential, primarily due to limited water availability and the reliance on rotation water delivery instead of demand-based water supply. The absence of spatially explicit information on water stress at the farm level further constrains overall crop productivity. Therefore, it is essential to map soil moisture availability and monitor moisture stress to enhance the efficiency of water delivery at the district level and promote precision in on-farm irrigation application. To continuously monitor soil moisture availability and identify moisture stress hotspots, peanut crops were cultivated during the 2021 and 2022 growing seasons at PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Research Center, Koont Farm, Rawalpindi. Experimental trials were conducted in both irrigated (drip irrigation) and rainfed fields to address soil moisture variability in the context of precision irrigation management. Soil moisture monitoring was performed using a combination of proximal soil moisture sensors, satellite data (Landsat 8/9 and Sentinel-2), and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) equipped with multispectral sensors. Satellite data and UAV imagery were processed to calculate soil moisture indices, including the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Moisture Vegetation Index (MVI), Water Stress Index (WSI), and Drought Stress Water Index (DSWI-4). Ground-truth data, including in situ soil moisture measurements at 15 cm depth and crop yield observations, were recorded for validation. A machine learning (ML) model, Random Forest (RF), was employed to accurately predict soil moisture content at 15 cm depth. The spatial maps were generated using satellite data and UAV-based imagery to identify the specific areas experiencing moisture stress. Among the moisture stress indices, WSI demonstrated a strong positive correlation with soil moisture (R-2 = 0.95 in 2022 and 0.85 in 2021) in the drip irrigated field. The RF model predicted soil moisture with a high accuracy (R-2 = 0.97 to 0.99 and RMSE = 0.00) using UAV-based moisture indices as input parameters. Furthermore, the improved surveillance of moisture stress enabled the identification of hotspot areas, allowing for the targeted implementation of protective measures for precision irrigation at the farm level.Graphical AbstractThis study presents a significant advancement in precision agriculture through the integration of satellite data, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based remote sensing, and machine learning (ML) models for high-resolution soil moisture estimation in water-scarce agricultural systems. Conventional soil moisture monitoring methods often fall short in spatial and temporal resolution, limiting their applicability for site-specific irrigation management. In this research, multispectral UAV imagery and moisture indices, including the Water Stress Index (WSI), Moisture Vegetation Index (MVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), and Drought Stress Water Index (DSWI-4) were derived and correlated with ground-truth measurements, yielding highly promising results. These indices, extracted from remote sensing platforms of varying spatial resolutions (Landsat as low, Sentinel-2 as medium, and UAV as very high), were subsequently used as input variables in a Random Forest (RF) machine learning model for soil moisture prediction. The RF model significantly enhanced prediction accuracy by capturing nonlinear relationships between spectral indices and in situ soil moisture observations, achieving R-2 values as high as 0. 99. This high-performance framework demonstrates the effectiveness of combining multi-resolution remote sensing with advanced ML techniques for operational soil moisture mapping. The approach not only facilitates precise soil moisture estimation but also supports targeted irrigation planning, contributing to improved water-use efficiency and sustainable crop production in semi-arid regions like Pakistan. Ultimately, this scalable and cost-effective strategy holds great potential for addressing food security challenges in water-limited agricultural systems.