Maintaining and improving agricultural production is of crucial importance in arid environments. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an essential cereal crop. This study was conducted to examine the physiological, agronomic, and yield responses of wheat plants under different levels of nutrient application in a controlled glasshouse environment. Wheat seeds were planted in pots filled with sand, and a completely randomized block design was employed. The treatments included Hoagland nutrient solutions, representing a balanced nutrient solution, as well as solutions with varying levels of nutrients (N, P, K, or Fe) at 0 %, 50 %, and 300 % relative to the balanced nutrient (full-strength (FS)) composition. Physiological, physical, agronomic, and yield measurements were conducted. The findings showed that zero concentrations of any nutrient hindered wheat plants from reaching the harvest stage. However, low to high nutrient levels exhibited detectable physiological effects during the wheat vegetative growth stage, including changes in chlorophyll content, Soil Plant Analysis Development, and leaf N content. Specifically, the application of high Fe levels compared to FS increased stomatal conductance (0.04-0.2 mol m-2 s-1) and transpiration rate (1.3-4.5 mmol m-2 s-1), while reducing vapour pressure deficit (3.3-2.3 kPa). In addition, both low and high rates of N or K significantly reduced aboveground wet and dry biomass, while total kernel weight was doubled under low rates. Conversely, low and excess applications of P had limited effects on biological and grain yields but improved root growth. This might have implications for P rate in arid and semi-arid environments. However, wheat biological yield was significantly reduced at low Fe application rates, while high Fe levels adversely affected plant water status, as indicated by a reduction in leaf vapor pressure deficit. These findings suggest that apparent nutrient deficiency symptoms may not necessarily lead to reduced wheat yield. Moreover, this study provides insights that can help optimize fertilizer application, reduce environmental impacts, and maintain or improve crop yields. Further research on recommended nutrient combinations under field conditions is needed.