The long-term evolution of the boundary layer height (BLH) and dust concentration (DC) in the Tarim Basin, particularly their interactions under varying meteorological conditions, remains inadequately characterized. Leveraging decadal observations (2014-2023) and multi-source reanalysis data, this study systematically evaluated BLH and DC products in this hyper-arid region. We established quantitative BLH-DC relationships across meteorological conditions, revealing novel insights into ABL-Dust interactions in extreme environments. ERA5 reanalysis effectively captured BLH diurnal cycles but exhibited minor deficiencies in nocturnal BLH representation within desert interiors. EAC4 data broadly reproduced DC trends despite slight observational deviations. Seasonal patterns revealed that the BLH increased in spring, remained elevated throughout summer, and declined in autumn; the DC increased in spring, peaked in June, and gradually decreased thereafter. Spatially, the DC substantially exceeded the annual average in spring, particularly in the southern region. The BLH and DC exhibited pronounced diurnal variability, with the strongest negative correlation (-0.42) in the afternoon and a positive correlation (0.64) during the pre-sunrise hours. Daytime BLH elevation enhances turbulent diffusion and raises dispersion height, reducing DC, whereas shallow BLH during dust storms promotes near-surface DC accumulation. At night, BLH-driven dispersion changes do not govern DC; instead, dust-radiation warming destabilizes the nocturnal boundary layer, intensifying turbulence, wind, and emission-creating a positive feedback that increases both BLH and DC. This work advances understanding of complex ABL-Dust interactions in hyperarid environments.