Euphrates poplar (Populus euphratica Oliv.) is an important naturally distributed tree species in the hyper arid region of northwest China. However, the growth response of P. euphratica to the recent changes of "warming and wetting" climate has not yet been clarified. In this study, the P. euphratica forest in the desert oasis transition zone outside of the Cele oasis at southern margin of the Tarim Basin was chosen as the study object. The tree-ring samples were collected and processed via dendrochronology techniques, then the radial growth responses of P. euphratica to the main thermohydroclimatic factors during the period from 1984 to 2022 were analyzed. The results showed the significant positive relationship between P. euphratica radial growth and temperature in autumn, precipitation in spring and summer, SPEI in spring and early summer, and spring runoff of Cele River. Moving correlation analyses demonstrated that the association of P. euphratica radial growth with temperature and precipitation tended to decrease recently, while fluctuated with SPEI and runoff, but remained stable on the whole. Additionally, observation on climate records showed the significant rise of precipitation, while the slight variation of temperature during the last decade. The above results indicated that the current regional thermo-hydroclimatic conditions are conducive to the growth and development of P. euphratica, implying the improvement of its shelterbelt function in the desert oasis transition zone. In the meantime, our research can be a reference to investigate the growth response of other perennial desert plant species to the warming and wetting climate transition in northwest China.