Tarighat, Hadi , Baghdadi, Majid , Nasrabadi, Touraj
2026-02-01 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION 2026 390(卷), null(期), (null页)
Heavy metal contamination in industrial soils poses persistent ecological and human health risks; however, conventional assessments often rely on global crustal averages and overlook local geochemical variability and actual metal bioavailability. This study presents an integrated and transferable framework combining locally derived native reference values (NRVs), a modified BCR sequential extraction, and multi-index evaluations to more accurately characterize contamination and risk in complex industrial settings. Fifteen metals (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ni, Cd, Pb, As, Se, Be, Hg, Co, Mo, Cr, and Al) were analyzed in surface soil samples collected from fourteen industrial sites and one background location within the South Pars Energy and Economic Zone (SPEEZ), southern Iran. The integration of enrichment, contamination, and risk indices revealed pronounced site-specific variability. Chromium showed the highest enrichment, whereas cadmium exhibited the greatest mobility (Risk Assessment Code approximate to 41 %) and, together with mercury, dominated the potential ecological risk index (PERI), contributing approximately 32 % and 42 %, respectively. Spatial and multivariate analyses identified contamination hotspots near gas-flaring and sulfur-storage facilities and clearly distinguished heavily impacted zones from background soils. Human health risk assessment indicated that all hazard indices were below unity (HI = 0.1-0.8), suggesting negligible non-carcinogenic risks for adults, although arsenic and cadmium accounted for the largest shares of total exposure. The results demonstrate that integrating local geochemical baselines with chemical fractionation and multi-dimensional indices yields a more realistic and region-specific appraisal of metal contamination than relying solely on total concentrations. This framework offers a rigorous, region-specific approach that can directly support targeted remediation and evidence-based risk management in industrial arid regions.