Amidst the rapid development of renewable energy, wind power, as a major renewable energy source, has raised ecological concerns regarding its impacts on ecosystems and biodiversity. Insects, as direct displays and feedback of the environment, have become a hot topic in ecology and conservation biology research due to the impact of environmental changes on them. So this study investigates the effects of wind power density on insect diversity and their mechanisms in the Ningxia desert steppe wind farms. The results indicated that minimal disturbance marginally increased insect aggregation at low wind power densities (2 turbines/km2). However, higher wind power densities caused pronounced insect population declines toward turbines (6, 11 turbines/km2), and with the increase in wind power density, the number of insects decreased significantly. Increased wind power disturbance led to decreases in soil total nitrogen (TN), total carbon (TC), nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N), and soil moisture content (SM) and a significant decrease in total phosphorus (TP). While direct impacts on vegetation were relatively minor and irregular, vegetation height exhibited strong positive correlations with soil nutrient depletion, suggesting that wind-induced soil degradation indirectly constrains plant growth. Consequently, the effect of wind power on insects is mediated through coupled vegetation-soil interactions. These findings underscore the necessity of integrating ecological thresholds into wind farm management protocols.