The search for sustainable and economical alternative materials has become a top priority in response to the increasing scarcity of natural river sand resources; as a result, a new alkali-activated granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS)/fly ash (FA) composite cement material innovatively using Tuokexun Desert sand as aggregate has emerged as a good strategy. In this study, GGBS/FA was used in place of cement; the effects of the water glass modulus, alkali equivalent, and FA content on the material's properties were systematically studied, and the hydration reaction mechanism and durability characteristics were revealed. The material was found to form a stable calcium aluminosilicate hydrate (C-(A)-S-H) gel structure under a specific ratio, which not only displayed excellent mechanical properties (a compressive strength of up to 83.2 MPa), but also showed outstanding resistance to high temperatures (>600 degrees C) and acid-alkali erosion. Microscopic analysis showed that the phase transition behaviour of C-(A)-S-H was a key factor affecting the material properties under high-temperature and acid-alkali environments. This study provides a new method for the preparation of high-performance building materials using local materials in desert areas, which is of great significance for promoting the construction of sustainable infrastructure in arid areas.