Evapotranspiration (ET) links the water budget and land surface energy balance, and its components are controlled by different surface and climate conditions (e.g., droughts). Global warming has increased the likelihood of weather and climate extremes, such as droughts and hot extremes. Therefore, increased attention has been paid to the response of ET components under droughts. Meanwhile, droughts commonly co-occur with hot extremes (compound droughts and hot extremes, or CDHEs for short), which are associated with diverse meteorological anomalies and vegetation responses, thereby exerting complex impacts on ET components, including transpiration (Et), interception evaporation (Ei), and soil evaporation (Eb). However, the understanding of ET partition under CDHEs across the globe is rather limited, hindering the understanding of ET variability under a changing climate. This study investigated the response of ET components across the globe under droughts and CDHEs during summer seasons by leveraging meteorological variables from ERA-5 reanalysis and ET products from the GLEAM for the period from 1980 to 2023. At the global scale, results show that the Et increases while Ei and Eb decrease under droughts and CDHEs, compared with the summer mean (with the relative changes of 6.60 %, -16.73 %, and - 11.20 % under droughts and 9.43 %, - 18.70 %, and - 12.05 % under CDHEs) at the global scale. However, in arid regions, all ET components show a decrease under the two extreme conditions. For the ET partition, the Et/ET, Ei/ET, and Eb/ET are 61.19 %, 10.89 %, and 16.68 % under full records, which shift to 64.56 %, 9.41 %, and 14.45 % under droughts and to 65.05 %, 9.10 %, and 14.06 % under CDHEs across the globe, reflecting the increased transpiration fraction under the two extremes. The difference in ET component response under droughts and CDHEs is shown to result from differences in the anomalies of meteorological variables and leaf area index (LAI). Results from this study can be useful for water resources management to cope with extreme impacts on ET under a changing climate.