Tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2), as a typical atmospheric trace gas, its concentration spatio-temporal distribution is closely related to regional ecological environment, climatic characteristics and the intensity of human activities. To systematically explore the spatio-temporal distribution patterns and variation characteristics of vertical column concentrations of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide in typical different ecological and climatic regions in China. In this paper, multi-axis differential absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) was adopted to conduct a one-year observation experiment on the ground-based NO2 concentration at three stations: Xilinhot (grassland ecological zone), Tazhong (desert arid zone), and Waliguan (background atmospheric zone). The diurnal and seasonal variation characteristics of NO: column concentration from May 2023 to October 2024 were analyzed. The tropospheric nitrogen dioxide VCD inverted by MAX-DOAS was compared with the TROPOMI results, and the causes of the concentration differences were explored in combination with the intensity of human activities. The research results show that: (1) The average NO2 concentrations at the three sites showed significant differences, Waliguan average approximately 8 & times;10(14) molec .cm(-2))