Quantitatively measuring the stock status of resources in the Loess Plateau of China and revealing resource associations and influencing factors is urgent since it is the scientific basis of realizing regional sustainable development. This paper first calculates the stocks of food, agricultural energy, and agricultural water resources from the perspective of supply and demand of resources. Then the coupled coordination model is used to study the relationship between resources, and the geodetector was applied to reveal their driving factors. Finally, the cross-sectional threshold model is used to analyze the relationship between economic growth and resource decoupling and coordination. The research shows that: (1) The key problem hindering the sustainable development of the Loess Plateau of China from 2000 to 2020 is the imbalance of resource supply and demand. (2) From 2000 to 2020, most cities in the Loess Plateau of China were in a state of coordinated development. (3) The total power of agricultural machinery, the GDP per capita, and the resident population are the dominant factors affecting the coupling and coordination of resources in the Loess Plateau of China. (4) Nonlinear relationship was observed between economic growth and resource coupling coordination degree in the Loess Plateau of China.