Urbanization has triggered contrasting changes in landscape and ecosystem processes-such as growth in impervious surfaces and green spaces in urban regions, and both cropland abandonment and reclamation in rural areas. Such heterogeneous transformations may either widen or narrow urban-rural disparities in ecosystem services (ESs). However, national-scale investigation of the urban-rural disparities in ESs is still lacking. Based on spatially explicit models, we assess urban-rural disparities in ESs across China in the context of rapid urbanization over the past two decades. Our results show that urban-rural ES disparities in China followed multiple trajectories between 2000 and 2020, with widening disparities dominating. Particularly, disparities in carbon sequestration (CS) and habitat quality (HQ) tended to increase in northeastern forests, southwestern mountains, and tropical regions, while narrowing was more common in the northwest and central areas. Similar spatial patterns of urban-rural disparities were observed across multiple ESs, particularly in regions where urban ES levels increased significantly, while rural areas continued to maintain higher overall values. Additionally, the urban-rural interactions among ESs shifted from trade-offs to synergies in most regions, particularly in the Central Plains and the middle reaches of the Yellow River, reflecting the combined influence of urbanization and ecological restoration policies on ESs' interaction. Our findings highlight the need for spatially targeted restoration strategies to support sustainable urban-rural development.