2026-04-01 IRANIAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 2026 50(卷), 2(期), (561-572页)
This study investigates the Siwalik Group of Miocene to Pliocene stages within the Potwar Basin of Pakistan's Sub-Himalayas. An integrated approach of field observations and petrographic analyses was used to investigate the Siwalik Group formations. The study region, which is situated from Gulpur to Mirpur, contains diverse lithologies shows distinguishing sedimentological characteristics, which include variations in conglomerate, sandstone, mudstone and shale. Siwalik Sandstones containing sedimentary, metamorphic, and volcanic rocks clasts and are classified as feldspathic litharenite, litharenite, and lithic wacke, which exhibit a recycled orogen source. The prevalence of volcanic and metamorphic clasts indicate derivation from the Lesser and Higher Himalayas. The study furthermore highlights how the provenance and depositional architecture were controlled by the Himalayan orogenic phases, the with facies variations reflecting semi-arid to semi-humid paleoclimates. This study provides insights of the Himalayan orogeny and active continental margins by providing key insights into the sedimentary traits, paleoclimate, and genesis of the Siwalik Group.