Melipona mandacaia is an endemic stingless bee in the Caatinga, with significant importance for meliponiculture and the pollination of Brazilian species. Thus, identifying the flora associated with honey production contributes to ecological knowledge and meliponicultural management plans for the species. The objective of this study was to identify the pollen types present in the honey provisioned by Melipona mandacaia and characterise the flora associated with the found pollen types. Additionally, it aimed to relate the pollen diversity of honey to the climatic seasonality in an area of the Caatinga biome. Honey samples were collected over one year from six Melipona mandacaia hives located in a Caatinga area in the city of Petrolina (Pernambuco State, Brazil). Honey samples were subjected to acetolysis, and the botanical affinity of the pollen types was identified. A total of 49 pollen types were found in the samples, with the predominant family being Fabaceae, comprising 16 distinct pollen types. The most frequent pollen type in terms of abundance and distribution was Mimosa tenuiflora. Most plants associated with the pollen types were nectariferous, with a shrubby habit, and native to Brazil. The greater richness of pollen types correlated with rainfall and temperature, showing high similarity between samples collected in months with higher precipitation due to the greater diversity of available flora.