Microbial resistance is a product of both continuous evolution and un-checked antimicrobial usage and accelerates the demands for the development of new and effective antimicrobials. Lamiaceae and Verbenaceae are widely used empirically in folk medicine and their antimicrobial potential is being explored worldwide. The Caatinga has a higher number of Lamiaceae and Verbenaceae species, although less than 10% of this biome is protected by conservation units. This study aimed to perform a systematic review and technological prospection of antimicrobial studies of Lamiaceae and Verbenaceae from the Caatinga. Two reviewers analyzed the literature searches in six electronic databases using PRISMA guidelines. Patents were searched through INPI, Espacenet, and Patentscope. According to an in-depth analysis of the 42 studies and five patents, these plants show promising antibacterial and antifungal properties through essential oils, crude extracts and their fractions. Potential technological applications of these plants include the development of new antibacterial agents, food preservation and quality control solutions, and innovative dental materials. We believe that this review will provide researchers with knowledge of antimicrobial and technological strategies, as well as data on the potential use of these families to support future decisions regarding the conservation of the Caatinga.