Protein-energy malnutrition is a widespread social issue, particularly in Asia and Africa, where the availability of protein is about one-third of the natural requirements. Legumes are known for their high-protein grains, but the current protein harvests from this group of crops are not enough to meet the nutritional demand of the growing population. In this context, genetic enhancement of protein in pulses offers hope for additional protein supplies. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-arid Tropics (ICRISAT) made efforts in this direction by breeding high-protein pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh Maesen] cultivars. The new genotypes were bred using three wild species as protein donors. These inbreds not only were high yielding (1700-2100 kg ha-1) but also had high protein (27%-30%) content, reflecting significant genetic advance for this trait. It was also estimated that cultivation of such cultivars on one hectare would yield an additional 80,000-100,000 g of protein for consumption. Also, their biological assessment, using Wistar male rats, revealed that the estimates of protein digestibility, biological value, and net protein utilization were similar to that of the popular cultivar. But, on account of greater availability of protein, the newly bred genotypes can be rated nutritionally superior to the present-day cultivars. Therefore, it is concluded that in pigeonpea, the genetic enhancement of seed protein without sacrificing yield is a viable plant breeding option. This process can be enhanced if the recently evolved genomics knowledge and technologies are used to assist in achieving nutritional food security.